My Thesis about Rationality Female Sex Workers in Localization Prostitute.

Role of “Bunga Seroja” group in HIV/AIDS combating program target in Pasar Kembang, Yogyakarta

THESIS SUMMARY

Asked by:

Nur Bintang

09/291106/PSP/03655

  

to

POST GRADUATE PROGRAM

FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND POLITICAL SCIENCE

GADJAH MADA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2011

Approval page

Role of “Bunga Seroja” group in HIV/AIDS combating program target in Pasar Kembang, Yogyakarta

Thesis Summary

Prepared and presented by:

Nur Bintang

09/291106/PSP/03655

To fulfill part of requirements to obtain Master Degree at Sociology Department, Faculty of Social and Political Science, Gadjah Mada University

Accepted and Approved

In  ...................................... 2011 

First Advisor 

..................................

Drs. Soeprapto., S.U.

ABSTRACT

        This study used evaluation research method. Program evaluation is descriptive and analytic. Community program target in this research is HIV/AIDS overcoming program by female sex worker group “Bunga Seroja” over commercial sex worker in“Pasar Kembang” community in Yogyakarta. The author used ethnographic method forcollecting data to observe and evaluation process of the program progress.

        The conclusion is that female sex worker group “Bunga Seroja” play role in HIV/AIDS overcoming program in Pasar Kembang community by empowering and educating the community that involve other parties such as Yogyakarta KPA. Culture rationalization occurred. Counseling was done by involving medical practitioner having professional education through training program will accelerate rationalization to sexual worker in “Pasar Kembang” community. Action in “Bunga Seroja” group that previously used substantive rationality action working based on social solidarity values changed to formal rational  action.               

       Recommendation from the research is to improve health access reaching through VCT mobile. To increase bargaining position of “Bunga Seroja” group, repressive action of local security should be minimized. Increase in health awareness in “Pasar Kembang” community may be done by approach of reaching volunteer selected from women in “Pasar Kembang” community. Structural conflict between Yogyakarta KPA and Yogyakarta PKBI on sanction policy strategy should be solved by involvement and listening to voice of commercial sex worker in “Pasar Kembang” community that not included in “Bunga Seroja” group to get advocation right in stakeholder forum. To reduce conflict within administrator of “Bunga Seroja” group in relation to aid distribution, the fund should not be distributed directly to “Bunga Seroja” group but entrust it to other social institution having concern to and dependable in HIV/AIDS overcoming.

Keywords: evaluation - role - “Bunga Seroja” group – overcoming - HIV/AIDS - Pasar Kembang

  

CHAPTER  I

Introduction

1.1 Problem background

Pasar Kembang community in central tourism resort in Yogyakarta contribute to sexual transaction business between local or foreign tourist and female sexual workers that have high risk for HIV/AIDS spread in relation to existence of tourism area and the community development. In this research, the researcher observed role of social institution “Bunga Seroja” in implementing HIV/AIDS combating program in Pasar Kembang Yogyakarta to change health behavior over female sexual workers considering that free sex service transaction they do have great chance and have risk for spreading HIV/AIDS in Pasar Kembang community. It is base for studying Role of “Bunga Seroja” group in HIV/AIDS combating program target in Pasar Kembang, Yogyakarta.

HIV/AIDS spreading is terrifying threat that female sexual workers in Pasar Kembang community should face. The researcher tried to observe and explain role the “Bunga Seroja” group do in HIV/AIDS combating program in Pasar Kembang community. Problems in the research are formulated as follow:

      1.      What is role of “Bunga Seroja” sexual worker group in HIV/AIDS spread combating program in Pasar Kembang community in Yogyakarta ?

      2.      Is there change awareness and healthy behaviour in combating HIV/AIDS spread after program from “Bunga Seroja” group in Pasar Kembang community?

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

            1. Theoretical Background

            1.1. Role Theory in Symbolic Interactionism

This research used George Herbert Mead’s symbolic interactionism theory, a sociology theory of society development based on importance of individual that is based on social action interpretation. The theory focus on importance of individual in acting in a community or society group through social process, analyze social action that individual do based on experience, perception, understanding and interpretation over stimulus object or certain situation. Mead has opinion[1] that people capability to anticipate other response (role taking) is early process to shape interaction by understanding how people create and define experience situation.

            2. Max Weber’s Social Change Theory

Social change theory used in society development in this research refers to society development through process of modern value changing and shaping.[2] Social change occurs in individual is value, belief, and ideology the individual get from society. The research used Max Weber’s rationality theory to analyze social change occurring on individuals in society.

Important thing that should be considered in all changes in human life is awareness on the change by involved parties, particularly awareness on results induced by social process.[3] Social change relates to individual awareness as part of a process from shift in norms and values in society life.

Rationalization is in central of Weber’s substantive sociology. Substantive rationality[4] is derived from Weber concept on value rationality and refers to human capability to do value rationality action, while formal rational actions are controlled by universal regulations.[5] Max Weber argued that social action as action that can influence other individual in society in relation to its realization from its social relationship and interaction. The following is chart of Max Weber thought on rationality types and mental process in relation to social action:[6]

Table 1. Mastering awareness on reality fragmented through action regularity.

rationality type	mental process	relation with action	refference for mental processes
theoritical	Various abstract process	Indirectly	Pure theoritical value or problems
practical	mean-end calculation	directly	interest
Formal	mean-end calculation	Directly	regulation, law
Substantive	subordinating reality over value	Directly	value

  Source: Stephen Kalberg, p.1161

Understanding the above table explain Max Weber’s typology thought on rational action that influence actions in organization. Actions in organization are influenced by substantive rationality and formal rationality. Substantive rationality roots on postulates of value institutionalized in organization. When values institutionalized in law, and regulations, substantive rationality have changed to be formal rationality.[7] Max Weber typology thought explain on substantive rationality change process toward formal rationality until at end formal rationality can be separate part from substantive rationality.

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

This research used evaluation research method. Program evaluation is descriptive and analytical. The descriptive characteristic means that problem solving procedure is studied by describing research subject/object of individuals, institutions, society and others based on facts.[8] This research consider “Bunga Seroja” group as cause or independent variable (X), while results of program target over commercial sexual worker in Pasar Kembang community in Sosrowijayan Kulon of Yogyakarta as effect of dependent variable (Y). The notion is causal model and design in evaluation study should use it. Finsterbuch and Motz[9] state four program evaluation types based on conclusive power as follow:

Table 2. Four Evaluation Types

Evaluation Type	Target Group Condition Measurement		Control Group	Information Obtained
	Before	After
single program after only	No	Yes	No	target group condition
single program before after	Yes	Yes	No	change in target group condition
comparative after only	No	Yes	Yes	condition of target and non target
comparative before after	Yes	Yes	Yes	effect of program on target group

  Sources: cited in Wibawa, 1994

In this research design, analysis used in role and advising “Bunga Seroja” group in target of HIV/AIDS combating program in Pasar Kembang of Yogyakarta is use comparative before after with control group design. The comparative before after type in essence observe, study target group condition before and after program implementation. Comparison process may be done through control group, namely sexual worker group that is not handled by “Bunga Seroja” group (in this case, the control group is handled by Puskesmas Gedong Tengen). Object in this research is program specific evaluation; problem is limited on analytical unit in organizational level.

Sample was taken by purposive sampling technique. The sampling took only data from people know truly on problem studied as key informants from administrator of “Bunga Seroja” group. Other main informants were some female sexual worker in Pasar Kembang community. Meanwhile, as cross check to supporting target, the researcher used snowball sampling technique that determine small sample in early and become greater gradually. Therefore, amount of data source is increasingly greater, such as snow rolling. The supporting target was taken first from informant of society figure in in Pasar Kembang community in Sosrowijayan Kulon of Yogyakarta. It used ethnography method to collect data. Ethnography method is“researching a way of life using a variety of qualitative methods (including secondary sources where appropriate). The technique originated in anthropology but has been extended and adopted by sociologist to study variety of social actions.”[10]

Ethnography method[11] was used to collect data because studied object is a community, namely female sexual worker community “Bunga Seroja” . the method is used to understand life view of local inhabitant point of view. Ethnographer draw conclusion what people say, people act, artifact used in participatory observation and in-depth interview.[12]

Data analysis used descriptive qualitative method with evaluative analytical type. Researchers used evaluation by observing phenomena on causal picture that is explained descriptively. Analysis method used in this research is interactive model, explained by Miles and Huberman. There are three main matters in interactive analysis: data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion.

Data was validated using source triangulation. Triangulation is technique for examining data validity that used other thing beyond the data for cross checking and comparing the data.[13] Source triangulation technique compares and rechecks confidential level of information obtained with different time and tools in qualitative research.

CHAPTER IV

results and discussion

            1.      Role of “Bunga Seroja” group before program evaluation

                  1.1. Socialization in HIV/ AIDS combating implementation

Socialization of HIV/AIDS combating in Pasar Kembang community by “Bunga Seroja” group is done by distributing sticker, KIE, health brochure on HIV/AIDS risk distributed by reaching volunteer of PKBI in cooperation with “Bunga Seroja” group once a week. In addition, the group held health counseling on HIV/AIDS disease danger by speaker from LSM PKBI, Health Office, and KPA and distributed freely condom from BKKBN, where “Bunga Seroja” group participate in the distribution of condom to representative of female sexual worker in Pasar Kembang community that present in sarasehan gathering done once a month in RW Sosrowijayan Kulon hall.

                  1.2  Coordination in HIV/ AIDS combating implementation

Coordination done by “Bunga Seroja” group in combating HIV/AIDS in Pasar Kembang community is done by creating cooperation with strategic partners such as PKBI though Griya Lentera clinic that is intense in doing advocation of health over female sexual worker in Pasar Kembang community. “Bunga Seroja” group make activity proposal that is helped by PKBI volunteer in doing health event on HIV/AIDS danger that is directed to institution having concern in health of inhabitant in Pasar Kembang community.

                 1.3  Participation of female sexual worker in implementing HIV/AIDS combating activity

Participation of female sexual worker in implementing activity of dealing with HIV/AIDS held by “Bunga Seroja” group is slow based on amount of female sexual workers that are present in the activity. The low participation may only be seen from their awareness and their assumption that the activity by “Bunga Seroja” group is not obligatory and there is no supporting factor such as replacement of transportation cost for participant. The condition result in low participation of female sexual worker in attending voluntary the activity. 

      1.4 Monitoring of HIV/AIDS combating activity

Monitoring implementation of HIV/AIDS combating may be seen from activeness of “Bunga Seroja” group to make cooperation with Griya Lentera clinic of PKBI Yogyakarta and Puskesmas Gedong Tengen for examination of IMS and HIV/AIDS through VCT every 3 years in Pasar Kembang community. In addition, “Bunga Seroja” group also provided information on danger of HIV/AIDS through brochure, pamphlet and training of condom usage negotiation on female sexual workers in Pasar Kembang community.

            2.      Role of “Bunga Seroja” Group After Program Evaluation

                  2.1.Socialization in HIV/AIDS  combating

In socialization of HIV/AIDS combating activity “Bunga Seroja” group should play active role in doing the socialization. It can be seen with requirement for “Bunga Seroja” group to involve directly in field. Job that was previously done by reaching volunteer, not is task and obligation of “Bunga Seroja” group to do their selves making socialization of HIV/AIDS combating activity such as pamphlet distribution, brochure, sticker, free condom “Sutera” from KPA and not use BKKBN condom once a week, training condom negotiation for female sexual workers in Pasar Kembang community once three months and inviting women around Pasar Kembang community to follow periodic presumptive medication held by Puskesmas Gedong Tengen once in three months.

            2.2. Coordination in implementation of HIV/AIDS combating activity

Coordination of HIV/AIDS combating activity in Pasar Kembang community was done by making coordination with kampong administrator before the activity was done. “Bunga Seroja” group is more intensive in coordinating with Yogyakarta KPA in relation to HIV/AIDS combating program evaluation in Pasar Kembang community that is governmental program facilitated by Yogyakarta KPA. In addition, “Bunga Seroja” group should coordinate with strategic partner network such as Yogyakarta PKBI and Puskesmas Gedong Tengen in free VCT examination for female sexual worker in Pasar Kembang community.

                 2.3. Participation of female sexual worker in implementing HIV/AIDS combating activity

Participation of female sexual worker in implementing HIV/AIDS combating activity in Pasar Kembang community after HIV/AIDS combating program evaluation facilitated by Yogyakarta KPA for “Bunga Seroja” group is low. Awareness of female sexual worker on importance of health is considered insufficient by parties in the network due to their low participation in following activity of HIV/AIDS combating activity done by “Bunga Seroja” group and networks as stakeholders in Pasar Kembang community.

                  2.4. Monitoring of HIV/AIDS combating program implementation

Monitoring of HIV/AIDS combating program implementation in Pasar Kembang community was conducted by making cooperation with stakeholder network such as Yogyakarta PKBI, Puskesmas Gedong Tengen, Puskesmas Umbulharjo, and Yogyakarta KPA. Monitoring activity was realized by establishment five outlets selling condom “Sutera” as aid from Yogyakarta KPA in cooperation with Yogyakarta PKBI around Pasar Kembang community.

              3.      Result of comparison with control group

              3.1 Comparison with control group

 HIV/AIDS combating in House “C” community is done in coordination with Puskesmas Gedong Tengen. Employer in House “C” community has initiative in examining health of female sexual workers working with her. The health examination was VCT examination done once in three months and IMS examination once a week, and sometime once a month depending on health awareness of each female sexual worker in House “C” community. Role of security guard the employer use in House “C” community is strong in forcing condom usage.

Recommendation from the research is to improve health access reaching through VCT mobile. To increase bargaining position of “Bunga Seroja” group, repressive action of local security should be minimized. Increase in health awareness in “Pasar Kembang” community may be done by approach of reaching volunteer selected from women in “Pasar Kembang” community. Structural conflict between Yogyakarta KPA and Yogyakarta PKBI on sanction policy strategy should be solved by involvement and listening to voice of commercial sex worker in “Pasar Kembang” community that not included in “Bunga Seroja” group to get advocation right in stakeholder forum. To reduce conflict within administrator of “Bunga Seroja” group in relation to aid distribution, the fund should not be distributed directly to “Bunga Seroja” group but entrust it to other social institution having concern to and dependable in HIV/AIDS overcoming.

  

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION, SUGGEST AND REFERENCES

Conclusion

Based on discussion and description on previous chapter, some conclusion can be drawn as follows:

1.      Empowerment through education process done continuously by “Bunga Seroja” group.

2.      Substantive rationality that work freely based on social solidarity values has shifted to formal rational action.

3.      Commitment of condom usage in female sexual worker is limited on abiding by the rule enforced by local security to female sexual worker living in Pasar Kembang community complex and not from their full awareness.

4.      Conflict between Yogyakarta KPA and LSM PKBI has obstacle in formulating sanction for condom usage policy for female sexual worker in HIV/AIDS combating program evaluation in Pasar Kembang community.

5.      Comparison done through control group Approach through security guard by House “C” community is powerful to pressure guest obedience in condom usage.

Suggestion

1.      Accessible health service through mobile VCT should be improved.

2.      Reaching volunteer should be re-established from female sexual worker in Pasar Kembang community that have got health training that are ready to work in Pasar Kembang community.

3.      Repressive approach used by local security in implementing HIV/AIDS combating program should be minimized.

4.      Conflict between Yogyakarta KPA and Yogyakarta PKBI on sanction should be able to solve by involving and listening voice of female sexual worker in Pasar Kembang community

5.      To reduce conflict within “Bunga Seroja” group administrator in relation to fund aid distribution, the fund should not be distributed directly to “Bunga Seroja” group but trusted in social institution having concern in HIV/AIDS.

 

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[1] Sunyoto Usman, Sosiologi: Sejarah, Teori, dan Metodologi (Yogyakarta:CIRED, 2004).p.68-69

[2] Op.Cit., p.31

[3] Piotr Sztompka, Sosiologi Perubahan Sosial. Translation Alimandan (Jakarta: Prenada, 2008). P.18

[4] See Dr. Susetiawan, Konflik Sosial: Kajian Sosiologis Hubungan Buruh, Perusahaan, dan Negara di Indonesia (Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2000). P.33

[5] Ibid. p.34

[6] Dr. Susetiawan, Konflik Sosial: Kajian Sosiologis Hubungan Buruh, Perusahaan, dan Negara di Indonesia (Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2000). P.36

[7] Ibid, p.322

[8] Hadari Nawawi, Metode Penelitian Bidang Sosial (Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press, 1998).p.63

[9] Samodra Wibawa, Kebijakan Publik: Proses dan Analisis (Jakarta: Intermedia, 1994). p.74

[10] Tony Lawson, et. Al, Advanced Sociology: Through Diagram (London: Oxford University Press, 2000) p.116

[11] James P.Spradley, Metode Etnografi. Translation: Dr. Amri Marzali, MA (Yogyakarta: Tiara Wacana Yogyakarta, 2007).p.6

[12] Ibid., p.11

[13] Miles and Hubberman, Analisa Data Kualitatif. Terjemahan Tjetjep Rohendi (Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia Press, 1992) p.20